Hyper-curriculum: Transcending Borders of Standardization in the Cosmopolitan Classroom
Abstract
The world is not just connected; it is hyper-connected. The global flow of ideas, technology, and people are at unmatched levels in history. More classrooms are becoming cosmopolitan centers composed of students with multicultural backgrounds. However, United States public education in this hyper-connected world puts emphasis on standardization and accountability. By doing so, schools driven by federal initiatives fail in helping students to become worldly citizens. Students and teachers are derived of room for creativity or new multicultural possibilities. Hence, this paper intends to develop a theoretical framework for curriculum in the hyper-connected world, aptly named “hyper-curriculum.”
References
Amrein, A. L., & Berliner, D. C. (2003). The testing divide: New research on the intended and unintended impact of high-stakes testing. Peer Review, 5(2), 31-32.
AnzalduÌa, G. (1987). Borderlands: The new mestiza: La frontera. San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute.
Apple, M. W., Kenway, J., & Singh, M. (2005). Globalizing education: Policies, pedagogies, & politics. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Appiah, A. (2006). Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a world of strangers. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co.
Au, W. (2012). Critical curriculum studies: Education, consciousness, and the politics of knowing. New York, NY: Routledge.
Au, W. (2011). Teaching under the new Taylorism: high-stakes testing and the standardization of the 21st century curriculum. Journal Of Curriculum Studies, 43(1), 25-45. doi:10.1080/00220272.2010.521261
Au, W. (2009). High-Stakes Testing and Discursive Control: The Triple Bind for Non-Standard Student Identities. Multicultural Perspectives, 11(2), 65-71. doi:10.1080/15210960903028727
Banks, J. A. (2009). Human rights, diversity, and citizenship education. Educational Forum, 73(2), 100-110. doi:10.1080/00131720902739478.
Barhoum, M., Tobias, S., Elron, M., Sharon, A., Heija, T., & Soustiel, J. F. (2015). Syria civil war: Outcomes of humanitarian neurosurgical care provided to Syrian wounded refugees in Israel. Brain Injury, 29(11), 1370-1375. doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1043346
Bayliss, S. (2014). What's Happening at the Core? School Library Journal, 60(2), 18.
Bethlehem, D. (2014). The End of Geography: The Changing Nature of the International System and the Challenge to International Law. European Journal Of International Law, 25(1), 9-24.
Berrett, D. (2013). States Demand That Colleges Show How Well Their Students Learn. Chronicle Of Higher Education, 60(9), A6.
Bezdecny, K. (2015). Imagineering Uneven Geographical Development in Central Florida. Geographical Review, 105(3), 325-343. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2015.12076.x
Boudreaux, D. J. (2008). Globalization. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Bronowski, J. (1973). The ascent of man. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
Castro, A. J., Field, S. L., Bauml, M., & Morowski, D. (2012). “I Want a Multicultural Classroomâ€: Preparing social studies teachers for culturally diverse classrooms. Social Studies, 103(3), 97-106. doi:10.1080/00377996.2011.57541
Day, C. (2002). School reform and transitions in teacher professionalism and identity. International Journal of Educational Research, 37, 677-692. doi: 10.1016/SO883- 0355(03) 00065-X
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Brian Massumi (Trans.). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minneapolis Press.
Dhar, N., Chaturvedi, S. K., & Nandan, D. (2011). Spiritual health scale 2011: Defining and measuring 4th dimension of health. Indian Journal Of Community Medicine, 36(4), 275-282. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.91329
Doocy, S., Lyles, E., Roberton, T., Akhu-Zaheya, L., Oweis, A., & Burnham, G. (2015). Prevalence and care-seeking for chronic diseases among Syrian refugees in Jordan. BMC Public Health, 151-10. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2429-3.
Emanuel, e. J. (2013). Test our children well. New republic, 244(16), 9-10.
Fahey, J., & Kenway, J. (2010). Thinking in a 'worldly' way: mobility, knowledge, power and geography. Discourse: Studies in The Cultural Politics Of Education, 31(5), 627-640. doi:10.1080/01596306.2010.516943
Fanghanel, J., & Cousin, G. (2012). ‘Worldly’ pedagogy: a way of conceptualising teaching towards global citizenship. Teaching In Higher Education, 17(1), 39-50. doi:10.1080/13562517.2011.590973
Fink, A., Koschutnig, K., Hutterer, L., Steiner, E., Benedek, M., Weber, B., . . . Weiss, E. M. (2014). Gray matter density in relation to different facets of verbal creativity. Brain Structure and Function, 219(4), 1263-9. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0564-0
Foroohar, R. (2014). Time to Talk About the I Word. Time, 183(5), 23.
Frie, R. (2011). Situated experience: Psychological agency, meaning, and morality in worldly contexts. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology, 6(3), 340-351. doi:10.1080/15551024.2011.582935
Friedman, T.L., & Mandelbaum, M. (2011). That used to be us: How America fell behind in the world it invented and how we can come back. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gawlik, M. A. (2012). Moving Beyond the Rhetoric: Charter School Reform and Accountability. Journal Of Educational Research, 105(3), 210-219. doi:10.1080/00220671.2011.559492
Gewertz, C. (2013). Montana Seeks Waiver To Replace State Tests. Education Week, 33(7), 4.
Graham, A. (2013). Black Teacher Education Candidates' Performance on PRAXIS I: What Test Results Do Not Tell Us. Negro Educational Review, 64(1-4), 9-35.
Greenblatt, S. (2011). The swerve: How the world became modern. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
Giroux, H. (2008). Against the terror of neoliberalism: Politics beyond the age of greed. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
Giroux, H. A. (2005). Border crossings: Cultural workers and the politics of education. New York: Routledge.
Giroux, H.A. (2014). The violence of organized forgetting: Thinking beyond America’s disimagination machine. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books.
Giroux, Henry A. (2008). Against the terror of neoliberalism: Politics beyond the age of greed. Boulder: Paradigm publishers.
Giroux, Henry A. (2009a). Youth in a suspect society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Giroux, Henry A. (2009b) “The attack on higher education.†In: Critical pedagogy in uncertain times: Hope and possibilities. Ed. Macrine, S. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Golosio B, Cangelosi A, Gamotina O, Masala GL (2015) A Cognitive Neural Architecture Able to Learn and Communicate through Natural Language. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0140866. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140866
Hagel, J., Seely Brown, J., Samoylova, T., & Lui, M. (2013). From exponential technologies to exponential innovations: Report 2 of the 2013 shift index series. Westlake, TX: Deloitte University Press.
Hammerich, K. F. (2014). Commentary on a framework for multicultural education. Journal Of The Canadian Chiropractic Association, 58(3), 280-285
Hansen, D. T. (2008). Curriculum and the idea of a cosmopolitan inheritance. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 40(3), 289-312. doi:10.1080/00220270802036643.
Hansen, D. T., Burdick-Shepherd, S., Cammarano, C., & Obelleiro, G. (2009). Education, values, and valuing in cosmopolitan perspective. Curriculum Inquiry, 39(5), 587-612. doi:10.1111/j.1467-873X.2009.00461.x
Hanson, S. E. (2014). Internationalization and Diversity in Higher Education: A Natural
Hassan, G, Kirmayer, LJ, Mekki- Berrada A., Quosh, C., el Chammay, R., Deville-Stoetzel, J.B., Youssef, A., Jefee-Bahloul, H., Barkeel-Oteo, A., Coutts, A., Song, S. & Ventevogel, P. Culture, Context and the Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Syrians: A Review for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support staff working with Syrians Affected by Armed Conflict. Geneva: UNHCR, 2015
Hawkins, M. R. (2014). Ontologies of Place, Creative Meaning Making and Critical Cosmopolitan Education. Curriculum Inquiry, 44(1), 90-112. doi:10.1111/curi.12036
Hess, F. M., & McShane, M. Q. (2013). Common Core in the real world. Phi Delta Kappan, 95(3), 61-66
Hilbert, M., & Lopez, P. (2011). The world's technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information. Science, 332(60), 60-65: doi: 10.1126/science.1200970
Hill, D. (2002). Global neo-liberalism and the perversion of education. Unpublished manuscript, University College Northampton, Northampton, United Kingdom.
Hill, D. (2005). Globalisation and its educational discontents: Neoliberalisation and its impacts on education workers’ rights, pay and conditions. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 15(3), 257-288.
Hill, D. (2009). Theorizing politics and the curriculum: Understanding and addressing inequalities through critical pedagogy and critical policy. In D. Hill & L. Helavaara Robertson (Eds.), Equality in the primary school: Promoting good practice across the curriculum (pp. 293-319). London, England: Continuum.
Hodgson, K. J., K. H. Shelton, M. M. van den Bree and F. J. Los. 2013. “Psychopa- thology In Young People Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Review.†American Journal of Public Health 1036: e1‒e14
Hopper, S. (2014). Bringing the World to the Classroom through Videoconferencing and Project-based Learning. Techtrends: Linking Research & Practice To Improve Learning, 58(3), 78-89. doi:10.1007/s11528-014-0755-4
Hughes, A. A., Lourea-Waddell, B., & Kendall, P. C. (2008). Somatic Complaints in Children with Anxiety Disorders and their Unique Prediction of Poorer Academic Performance. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 39(2), 211-220. doi:10.1007/s10578-007-0082-5
Hull, G. A., & Stornaiuolo, A. (2014). Cosmopolitan Literacies, Social Networks, and 'Proper Distance': Striving to Understand in a Global World. Curriculum Inquiry, 44(1), 15-44. doi:10.1111/curi.12035
Partnership. Diverse: Issues In Higher Education, 31(10), 30.
Johnson, M. A., & Stephens, M. L. (2012). Race to the Top and the Exclusion of Welfare Recipients From Educational Policy Discourse. Adult Learning, 23(4), 188-195. doi:10.1177/1045159512458261
Jung, R. E., Grazioplene, R., Caprihan, A., Chavez, R. S., & Haier, R. J. (2010). White
Matter Integrity, Creativity, and Psychopathology: Disentangling Constructs with
Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Plos ONE, 5(3), 1-7. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009818
Kaur, S. (2013). Top Ten Technology Predictions for 2014 and Beyond!. IETE Technical Review (Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd.), 30(6), 451-453. doi:10.4103/0256-4602.125657
Kaya, A. 2002. “Aesthetics of diaspora: contemporary minstrels in Turkish Berlin.†Journal Of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 28(1): 43-62. doi:10.1080/13691830120103921
Kazanjian, C.J. (2011). The border pedagogy revisited. Journal of Intercultural Education, 22(5), 371-380. doi: 10.1080/14675986.2011.643135.
Kazanjian, C.J. (2012). Finding a worldly curriculum: Utilizing a cosmopolitan curriculum in a global community. Journal of Global Responsibility, 3(2), 187-197. doi: 10.1108/20412561211260494.
Kazanjian, C.J. (2013a). For the love: The amateur humanist intellectual. Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, 21(1), 49-63.
Kazanjian, C.J. (2013b). Cultural dislocation: Finding intercultural possibilities in exile. Journal of Global Responsibility, 4(1), 7-14. doi: 10.1108/20412561311324032.
Kazanjian, C.J. & Choi, S. (2014). Anxiety and the Emerging Child: Engaging ‘What is’. Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism, 22(1), 35-52. doi:10.1558/eph.v22i1.35.
Lalonde, R. N., Cila, J., Lou, E., & Giguère, B. (2013). Delineating groups for cultural comparisons in a multicultural setting: Not all westerners should be put into the same melting pot. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science, 45(4), 296-304. doi:10.1037/a0034257
Liu, S., & Dall'Alba, G. (2012). Learning intercultural communication through group work oriented to the world beyond the classroom. Assessment & Evaluation In Higher Education, 37(1), 19-32. doi:10.1080/02602938.2010.494233
Lough, S. (2015). Health agencies overwhelmed by Syrian crisis. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 187(16), 1196. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5170
Lucretius, T. (2007). The nature of things. (A.E. Stallings, trans.). New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Lugg, C. A. (2007). Separating theory from practice: We’re all circus seals now. Journal of Curriculum and Practice, 4(1), 50-54.
Marchi, S. (2010). Global Governance: Migration's Next Frontier. Global Governance, 16(3), 323-329.
Moustakas, C.E. (1956). The teacher and the child: Personal interaction in the classroom. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Moustakas, C.E. (1966), “The dying self within the living selfâ€, in Moustakas, C. (Ed.), Existential Child Therapy: The Child’s Discovery of Himself, Basic Books, New York, NY, pp. 9-29.
Moustakas, C.E & Perry, C. (1973). Learning to be free. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Necochea, J., & Cline, Z. (2008). Border pedagogy cafes: Grassroots conversations that matter. Educational Forum, 72(3), 245-259.
Nhat Hanh, T. (2007). The art of power. New York, NY: HarperOne.
Nixon, J. (2006). Towards a Hermeneutics of Hope: The legacy of Edward W. Said. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 27(3), 341-356. doi:10.1080/01596300600838793
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, 20 U.S.C. §6161 et seq. (2001).
Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U. (2012). Migration and Diaspora in the Age of Information and Communication Technologies. Journal Of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 38(9), 1333-1338. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698202
Pascopella, A. (2007). Talking details on NCLB. District Administration, 43(7), 22-24.
Pignatelli, F. (2010). Everyday Courage in the Midst of Standardization in Schools. Encounter, 23(2), 1-4.
Pinar, W. F. (2012). What is curriculum theory? (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Reyes, M. & Garza, E. (2005). Teachers on the border: In their own word. Journal of Latinos and Education, 4(3), 153–170.
Rizvi, F., & Lingard, B. (2006). Edward Said and the Cultural Politics of Education. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 27(3), 293-308. doi:10.1080/01596300600838744
Rogers, C. (1977). Carl Rogers on personal power. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.
Rogers, C. (1980). A way of being. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Rogers, C. (1969). Freedom to learn: A view of what education might become. Columbus, Ohio: C. E. Merrill Pub. Co.
Romo, J., & Chavez, C. (2006). Border pedagogy: A study of preservice teacher transformation. The Educational Forum, 70(2), 142-153.
Rubin, D.I., & Kazanjian, C.J. (2011). “Just Another Brick in the Wallâ€: Standardization and the devaluation of education. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 5(2), 94-108. doi:10.3776/joci.2011.v5n2p94-108.
Sagan, C. (1995). The demon-haunted world: Science as a candle in the dark. New York, NY: Random House.
Said, E. W. (2001). Power, politics and culture: Interviews with Edward W. Said. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
Said, E. W. (2004). Humanism and democratic criticism. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Sancakoğlu, S., & Sayar, M., 2012. “Relation Between Socioeconomic Status and Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Esteem in Early Adolescents.†Yeni Symposium 504: 207‒220.
Segool, N. K., Carlson, J. S., Goforth, A. N., von der Embse, N., & Barterian, J. A. (2013). Heightened test anxiety among young children: elementary school students' anxious responses to high-stakes testing. Psychology In The Schools, 50(5), 489-499. doi:10.1002/pits.21689
Sleeter, C. E., & Stillman, J. (2009). Standardizing knowledge in a multicultural society. In D. J. Flinders & S. J. Thornton (Eds.), The Curriculum Studies Reader (pp. 303-317). New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Smith, P. (2013). Accomplishing the goals of multicultural education. Curriculum & Teaching Dialogue, 15(1/2), 27-40.
Toulmin, S. (1990). Cosmopolis: The hidden agenda of modernity. New York, NY: Free Press.
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2015: Work for Human Development, (14 December 2015), available from http://report.hdr.undp.org/
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2014). Global Report 2014, (28 June 2015), available from http://www.unhcr.org/gr14/index.xml
U.S. Department of Education. (2009). Race to the top executive summary. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/programs/racetothetop/executive-summary.pdf
Villarreal, M. F., Cerquetti, D., Caruso, S., Aranguren, V. S., Gerschcovich, E. R., Frega, A. L., & Leiguarda, R. C. (2013). Neural correlates of musical creativity: Differences between high and low creative subjects. PLoS One, 8(9), e75427. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075427
Wahlström, N. (2014). Toward a Conceptual Framework for Understanding Cosmopolitanism on the Ground. Curriculum Inquiry, 44(1), 113-132. doi:10.1111/curi.12038
White, E. S., Mistry, R. S., & Chow, K. A. (2013). How Do Teachers Talk About Economic Inequality? The Complexity of Teaching at a Socioeconomically Integrated Elementary School. Analyses Of Social Issues & Public Policy, 13(1), 370-394. doi:10.1111/asap.12024
Wraga, W. G. (1999). The educational and political implications of curriculum alignment and standards-based reform. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 15(1), 4-25.
Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc.
Yatvin, J. (2008). 2007 NCTE presidential address: Where ignorant armies clash by night. Kentucky English Bulletin, 57(2/3), 79-87.
Yazgan, P., Eroglu Utku, D., & Sirkeci, I. (2015). Syrian Crisis and Migration. Migration Letters, 12(3), 181-192.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher. The Editors reserve the right to edit or otherwise alter all contributions, but authors will receive proofs for approval before publication.
Copyrights for articles published in International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction are retained by the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal/publisher is not responsible for subsequent uses of the work. It is the author's responsibility to bring an infringement action if so desired by the author.